The Besançon Commune (in French Commune de Besançon) was a short-lived revolutionary movement conceived and developed in 1871, aiming at the proclamation of a local autonomous power based on the Lyon and Paris experiences.

[1] It originates from social upheavals which metamorphosed the city[2][1] and with the emergence of unions including a section of IWA in connection with the future Jura Federation.

[7][1] While many notables testify to an insurrectionary context[8] and armed support from Switzerland being organized,[9][10][1] the correspondence left by James Guillaume and Mikhail Bakunin[11][12] attest to a planned release between the end of May and the beginning of June 1871.

[1] However, with the start of the Semaine sanglante on 21 May and the pursuit of an internal campaign until 7 June, any attempt was seriously compromised.

[1] Despite the hope of a restart, in the following weeks and months the idea of an insurrection was definitively abandoned, later reinforced by the extinction of groups and activities described as "anarchist" from 1875.