The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) (IAST: Bhāratīya Nyāya Saṃhitā; lit.

It came into effect on 1 July 2024 after being passed by the parliament in December 2023 to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

It retains the value laden phrase ‘outraging the modesty of women’ instead of replacing it with the gender-neutral term ‘sexual assault’.

[9] Provision for offence for acts endangering ‘sovereignty or unity and integrity of India’, is ambiguous, with the potential to curtail freedom of speech or to stifle dissent.

[7][10] Assistant professor Faisal Fasih from West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences argued that Extensive power is given to the state or the police.