These separate axles usually mount directly on the frame using either threaded nuts, a quick-release mechanism, or some press fit arrangement.
If included, the fender (or just a mud flap) helps to protect the cargo and the towing bicycle from road spray and dirt.
This can make it possible to wheel a loaded single-wheel trailer around while disconnected from the bike, as the seat-post hitch is a natural height for grasping while walking upright.
This standard applies to trailers carrying cargo and/or up to 2 passengers, and enforces a maximum gross weight of 60 kg.
There are many safety-related requirements, including restraints, structural integrity, stability, small parts, sharp edges, etc.