He was the father of Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, the morganatic wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

By birth member of an old Bohemian noble House of Chotek, Bohuslav was born in Prague, as the younger son of Karl, Count Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (1783–1868) and his wife, Countess Marie Berchtold von Ungarschitz (1794–1878).

Bohuslav's father was the Governor of Tyrol, Vorarlberg, and Bohemia, and also a founder of the Tyrolean State Museum.

On 30 October 1859 in Kostelec nad Orlicí, Bohuslav was married to Countess Wilhelmine Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (19 July 1838 – 5 March 1886), elder daughter of Count Joseph Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau and Countess Maria Czernin von und zu Chudenitz.

Through his daughter Oktavia, he was a great-great-great grand father of Gloria von Thurn und Taxis, mother of the current head of the house Albert von Thurn und Taxis.