In 1845, at the age of 14, he and his brother Przemysław were sentenced to prison by the Russian authorities for allegedly participating in an anti-state conspiracy.

Bolesław was sent to Caucasus, where he was included in a Russian penal military unit engaged in the Murid War against Imam Shamil.

[3] When the uprising broke out, Konstanty Kalinowski appointed Dłuski as the military leader of Kaunas Governorate, he went there in February 1863 and took the alias of "Jabłonowski".

To do so, he went to the Prussian border, where he picked up a load of smuggled weapons and fought two skirmishes with Russian soldiers on April 27 and 28 in their defense.

Then, discouraged by the prospects of the uprising itself, mainly due to the Vilnius government's conservative policy, he crossed the Prussian border with some insurgents, leaving the rest under the command of Jan Staniewicz-Pisarski.

[11] After the fall of the uprising, Dłuski lived in Paris and worked at the Hôpital Saint-Louis, where he married Ernestine Noémie Hazard.

[12] After her death, he moved to London, where he worked as a painter, he also married a Polish woman Antonina Lewoniewska, she a had daughter Maria Józefa with her.

He took up the job of a librarian at Museum of Science and Industry in Kraków, he also worked as a painter and ran an unregistered medical practice for his friends.

Jan Matejko portrayed him as the Teutonic commander Werner von Tettingen [de] on his painting Battle of Grunwald.