He was the second son of Duke Władysław of Bytom but the eldest by his second wife Ludgarda, daughter of Henry II the Lion, Prince of Mecklenburg and Lord of Stargard.

In 1354 he went to Italy in the suite of King Charles of Bohemia, who travel to that country for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor.

5 June 1365), daughter of the rich moravian magnate Jaroslav ze Šternberka (of Sternberg)[citation needed].

According to his will, Bolesław left Bytom to his wife as her dower; however, almost immediately a dispute began over his inheritance between his close relatives, by virtue of the treaty signed between Duke Władysław and the Bohemian Kingdom, who allowed the women succession over his lands in absence of male heirs.

The Dukes Konrad I of Oleśnica (husband of Bolesław's eldest half-sister Euphemia) and Casimir I of Cieszyn (legal guardian of Bolesław's daughters) claimed the whole succession of Bolesław, and only solved their dispute in 1357: Koźle (who was already obtain by Konrad I in 1355) remains under the hands of the Dukes of Oleśnica, who also obtained half of Bytom, and the Dukes of Cieszyn received the other half of Bytom, Gliwice, Toszek and Pyskowice.