[1] The dry forest ecoregion is a transitional habitat between the puna grasslands higher up to the west and the Chaco scrub to the east.

[1] Where the spiny forest has been unaltered it holds species such as Vachellia caven, Prosopis alpataco, Dodonaea viscosa, Schinopsis marginata, and Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco.

[1] Endangered birds include the red-fronted macaw (Ara rubrogenys) and Bolivian spinetail (Cranioleuca henricae).

[4] The subtropical lower montane dry and moist life zones in the deep valleys between the mountains of the eastern Cordillera include the towns of Comarapa, Independencia, Totora, Tapacarí and Arque.

The growing human population is creating urban sprawl and over-hunting, collecting wood for fuel and converting land for agriculture, causing habitat fragmentation.

[1] Protected areas include the Madidi National Park and the Cordillera de Sama Biological Reserve.