Dental bonding

[citation needed] Technologies have changed multiple times since then, with generally recognized generations established in the literature.

[citation needed] Dental bonding agents have evolved from no-etch to total-etch (4th- and 5th-generation) to self-etch (6th- and 7th-generation) systems.

[4] Irwin Smigel founder and current president of the American Society for Dental Aesthetics and diplomate of the American Board of Aesthetic Dentistry, was one of the first to broaden the usage of bonding by using it to close gaps between teeth, lengthen teeth as well as to re-contour the entire mouth rather than using crowns.

The universal adhesives bond to all dental substrates, which include enamel, dentin, metal, porcelain, ceramic and zirconia, with a single application.

In 2012, the term “universal adhesive” has several definitions which may include:[6] Bonding of orthodontic brackets to teeth is crucial to enable effective treatment with fixed appliances.

All in one self-etch adhesive and a single component universal adhesive by Kerr, both used in the adhesion of direct and indirect dental restorations