The Château de Bouxwiller was pillaged during the French Revolution and its remnants were gone by the early 19th century.

The earliest written mention of Bouxwiller was in 724, when Radolph and Eloïn gave the property of their respective mothers located in Puxuvilare to the Wissembourg Abbey.

[9]: 13–22  The chapel also contained an epitaph and the tomb of John, Count of Werd and Landgrave of Lower Alsace, who died in 1376.

[10]: 351 Count Jacob of Lichtenberg died in 1480 without issue, leaving his territory to be divided among his nieces.

[4][11][12][13] After being looted during the German Peasants' War, the castle was renovated in the mid-sixteenth century by Philipp IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg and expanded with two new wings and lavish gardens.

[4] The Château de Bouxwiller became the residence of Louis IX's neglected wife Countess Caroline of Zweibrücken.

The Hanau-Lichtenberg administration was tolerant of the Jews, allowing the presence of a yeshiva (religious school) and beth din (Jewish court), which lasted from the 1760s until the French Revolution, and the establishment of two Jewish cemeteries in the commune in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

It was defaced and damaged during the Second World War and the building now houses the Judeo-Alsatian Museum of Bouxwiller, dedicated to the history of Jews in Alsace.

[19] It is bordered by the communes of Obersoultzbach, Niedersoultzbach, Uttwiller, Obermodern, Kirrwiller, Bosselshausen, Printzheim, Hattmatt, Neuwiller-lès-Saverne, and Weiterswiller.

[20] Bouxwiller covers an area of 25.6 square kilometres (9.9 sq mi) at an altitude of 221 metres (725 ft).

The rail line has since been removed and its right-of-way now forms a cycle path, while the Bouxwiller train station has been remodeled and houses artisanal shops.