Gastrointestinal signs include profuse diarrhea, dehydration, depression, reduced weight gain and anorexia.

Clinical signs include profuse diarrhea and a significant drop in milk yield is seen in winter dysentery outbreaks.

Definitive diagnosis of an enteric coronavirus infection is achieved by performing electron microscopy or an ELISA on a faecal or tissue sample.

In respiratory disease, diagnosis is confirmed by performing a direct fluorescent antibody test on nasal washes – which identifies the viral antigen.

Additional management factors such as ensuring adequate colostrum intake in newborn calves, using appropriate hygiene methods and ventilation of housing reduce disease incidence.