The son of a Teke mother and Fang military officer,[5][3] Oligui was born in Haut-Ogooué Province, Gabon, which was regarded as a stronghold of the ruling Bongo family.

[13] He took over the head of the Gabonese Republican Guard in April 2020, replacing General Grégoire Kouna, a cousin of then President Ali Bongo.

[11] According to a 2020 Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) investigation, he owns several properties in the United States worth more than $1 million[15] and also helped expand the Bongos' overseas businesses.

He also announced the formation of a new government in the coming days and proposed new electoral legislation, a new penal code, a referendum on a new constitution, and the release of all political prisoners.

[25] In October 2023, Oligui announced that he would give up his salary as president and rely instead on his wages as commander of the Republican Guard.