It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid.

[2] Since 1964, archaeologists have been working at numerous areas of the Archaeological Site of Atapuerca, where they have found ancient hominid and human remains, the former dating to more than one million years ago, with artefacts from the Palaeolithic and Bronze Ages of man.

The Sierra de la Demanda, the northwesternmost end of the Sistema Ibérico, is located in Burgos Province.

In the Atapuerca area, archaeologists have found evidence of occupation by hominids and humans for more than one million years.

According to the Greek historian Ptolemy, the principal cities included: Brabum, Sisara, Deobrigula (nowadays Tardajos), Ambisna Segiasamon (Sasamón) and Verovesca (Briviesca).

Alfonso III the Great, king of León reconquered the area around the middle of the ninth century, and built many castles for the defence of Christendom.