In England and later the United Kingdom, the phrase was formally added to the royal style in 1521 and continues to be used.
Yet this did not stop kings using it, even when they did homage to the pope (as vicegerent of God) or another ruler, such as the Kingdom of Bavaria, a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
The traditional phrase "by the grace of God" is still included in the full titles and styles of the monarchs of Denmark, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Monaco and the United Kingdom.
In other Commonwealth realms, who share the same monarch with the United Kingdom, the style is used in Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tuvalu.
In some cases, the formula was combined with a reference to another legitimation, especially such democratic notions as the social contract, e.g.