[1] If the axions exist, they may be produced in the Sun's core when X-rays scatter off electrons and protons in the presence of strong electric fields.

The experimental setup is built around a 9.26 m long decommissioned test magnet for the LHC capable of producing a field of up to 9.5 T. This strong magnetic field is expected to convert solar axions back into X-rays for subsequent detection by X-ray detectors.

The remaining 21 hours, with the instrument pointing away from the Sun, are spent measuring background axion levels.

[6] The CAST focuses on the solar axions using a helioscope, which is a 9.2 m superconducting LHC prototype dipole magnet.

There are two magnetic bores of 43 mm diameter and 9.2 6m length with X-ray detectors placed at all ends.

The two X-ray telescopes of CAST measures both signal and background simultaneously with the same detector and reduces the systematic uncertainties.

[7][8] From 2003 to 2013, the following three detectors were attached to ends of the dipole magnet, all based on the inverse Primakoff effect, to detect the photons converted from the solar axions.

[9] After 2013 several new detectors such as the RADES, GridPix, and KWISP were installed, with modified goals and newly enhanced technologies.

[10] TPC is a gas-filled drift chambers type of detector, designed to detect the low-intensity X-ray signals at CAST.

The interactions in this detector take place in a very large gaseous chamber and produce ionizing electrons.

These electrons travel towards the multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC), where the signal is then amplified through the avalanche process.

The overall mirror system has a focal length of 1.6 m.[9][13] This detector achieved a remarkably good signal to noise ratio by focusing the axions created inside the magnetic field chamber onto small, about few

[12] In 2016, The GridPix detector was installed to detect the soft X-rays (energy range of 200 eV to 10 KeV) generated by solar chameleons through the primakoff effect.

[14] The sole aim of this detector is to enhance the sensitivity of CAST to energy thresholds around 1 KeV range.

This is an improved sensitive detector set up in 2014 behind the X-ray telescope, for the search of solar chameleons which have low threshold energies.

The InGrid detector and its granular Timepix pad readout with low energy threshold of 0.1 KeV for photon detection hunts the solar chameleons in this range.

[8][15] The RADES started searching for axion-like dark matter in 2018, and the first results from this detector were published in early 2021.

[7] RADES detector attached to this haloscope has a 1 m long alternating-irises stainless-steel cavity able to search for dark matter axions around

Further prospects of improving the detector system with enhancements such as superconductive cavities and ferro-magnetic tunings are being looked into.

[16][7] KWISP at CAST is designed to detect the coupling of solar chameleons with matter particles.

It uses a very sensitive optomechanical force sensor, capable of detecting a displacement in a thin membrane caused by the mechanical effects from the solar chameleon interactions.

[17][18][8] This detector has a delicate tuning mechanism, made of 2 parallel sapphire plates and activated by a piezoelectric motor.

[19][8][20] The CAST experiment began with the goal of devising new methods and implementing novel technologies for the detection of solar axions.

Over almost 20 years of the operation period, CAST has added very significant details and limitations to the properties of solar axions and axion-like particles.

[4][24] CAST has thus improved the previous astrophysical limits and has probed numerous relevant axion models of sub-electron-volt mass.

[25] CAST was able to constrain the axion-photon coupling constant from the very low up to the hot dark matter sector; and the current search range overlaps with the present cosmic hot dark matter bound which is axion mass,

[26][8] The new detectors at CAST are also looking for proposed dark matter candidates such as the solar chameleons and pharaphotons as well as the relic axions from the Big bang and Inflation.

[26][27] In late 2017, the CAST helioscope which originally was searching for solar axion and ALPs, was converted into haloscope to hunt for the Dark Matter wind in milky way's galactic halo while it crosses the Earth.

These idea of streaming dark wind is thought to affect and cause the random and anisotropic orientation of solar flares, for which the CAST haloscope will serve as a testbed.

This area is currently in its beginning stages, wherein possible ways of dark energy particles coupling with normal matter are being theorized.