Cadastral surveying

That boundary has already been established and described in legal documents and official plans and maps prepared by attorneys, engineers, and other land surveyors.

The title abstract may provide the order of seniority for the deeds related to the tract being surveyed.

This includes but is not limited to locating the property corners, monuments, fences, hedge rows, walls, walks, and buildings on the lot.

When a solution is reached, the chosen property corners (those that best fit all the data) are coordinated, and ties by direction and distance are computed from the nearest traverse point.

An artificial monument is anything that (within local surveying regulations) serves to mark a property boundary—having been placed by landowners, surveyors, engineers, or others.

The land surveyor is often compelled to consider other evidence such as fence locations, wood lines, monuments on neighboring properties, and people's recollections.

Rods or pipes may have an affixed plastic cap over the top bearing the responsible surveyor's name and license number.

Older monuments may exist such as old pipes, gun barrels, axles, mounds of stone, whiskey bottles, or even wooden stakes.