The sides of the labellum are serrated, the tip is curled downwards and there are two rows of anvil-shaped, cream-coloured calli along the mid-line.

[2][3][4] Caladenia xantha was first formally described in 2001 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown from a specimen collected near Katanning and the description was published in Nuytsia.

[1] The specific epithet xanthos is an Ancient Greek word meaning "yellow", "yellowish-red", "orange" or "golden"[5] referring to the flower colour of this orchid.

[3] The primrose spider orchid is mostly found between the Mogumber Nature Reserve and Kendenup in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions where it grows in well-drained soil under wandoo and sheoak trees.

[2][3][4][6] Caladenia xantha is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.