The formal language includes primitives for describing parallel composition, summation between actions and scope restriction.
CCS is useful for evaluating the qualitative correctness of properties of a system such as deadlock or livelock.
[1] According to Milner, "There is nothing canonical about the choice of the basic combinators, even though they were chosen with great attention to economy.
The expressions of the language are interpreted as a labelled transition system.
Given a set of action names, the set of CCS processes is defined by the following BNF grammar: The parts of the syntax are, in the order given above Some other languages based on CCS: Models that have been used in the study of CCS-like systems: