[1] An employee of the Ford Motor Company, Perry moved his family to Farmington Hills, Michigan, before Cam's second birthday.

His younger sisters, Peyton and Emily, were both born in the U.S.[2] Fowler attended Farmington High School, where he played baseball in addition to ice hockey.

He also played travel baseball for the South Farmington Blues and had great potential to be a Division One College pitcher.

[4] Fowler was recruited by numerous National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I schools from age 14.

Notre Dame Fighting Irish ice hockey team head coach Jeff Jackson alleged that the Rangers had offered Fowler a package worth $500,000 to break his commitment with Notre Dame and believed that Windsor had also made a financial offer to lure him away from the school.

[13] He was described by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau as an offensive quarterback on the powerplay who relies on his skating and puck control.

[1] Despite these accolades, Fowler's draft night lasted longer than expected, as he dropped to 12th overall, selected by the Anaheim Ducks.

He scored his first career NHL goal on October 17 against Phoenix Coyotes' goaltender Jason LaBarbera in a 3–2 win.

[24] Fowler led the Ducks defense corps through the 2014–15 season,[25] with the team advancing all the way to the Western Conference Final in the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs, only to be defeated by the Chicago Blackhawks in seven games.

[26] During the 2015–16 season, Fowler's sixth in the league, he had his first fight in a tilt with Brad Richardson of the Arizona Coyotes[27] on October 14.

In the following season Fowler thrived, setting a new career-high in goals with eleven and reaching 36 points, the highest since his rookie year.

[34] The following season, on November 4, 2018, Fowler scored his first career hat-trick in a 3–2 overtime win against the Columbus Blue Jackets.

[44] The pandemic-shortened 2020–21 season marked the beginning of a rebuild for the Ducks as they finished last in their division and gave playing time to a number of younger players.

Drysdale's injury left Fowler as the only point-producing defenseman as John Klingberg and Kevin Shattenkirk played poorly.

Fowler departed the Ducks as their second longest-tenured player in franchise history (behind Ryan Getzlaf), as well as their all-time leader in goals, assists, and points by a defenseman.

[52] He registered his first point for St. Louis on December 19, assisting on Pavel Buchnevich's second period goal in a 3–1 loss to the Tampa Bay Lightning.

He was then a member of the gold medal-winning United States under-18 team at the 2009 World U18 Championships, where was named the best defenseman of the tournament and an all-star.

[57] In 2018, Fowler and his wife Jasmine launched C4Kids to provide youth with opportunities to learn and play ice hockey.

[58] Fowler made a cameo appearance in episode 10 of the second season of the TV show The Mighty Ducks: Game Changers.