Cao Pengsheng (Chinese: 曹芃生; pinyin: Cáo Péngshēng; born July 1930) is a general in the People's Liberation Army of China who served as political commissar of the Lanzhou Military Region from 1990 to 1996.

He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 9th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

He enlisted in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 1948, and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the following year.

He was political commissar of the Shandong Military District in August 1985, and held that office until July 1988.

In February 1988, he was appointed deputy political commissar of the Jinan Military Region, he remained in that position until April 1990, when he was transferred to the Lanzhou Military Region and was promoted to become political commissar.