[6] Chest pain due to coronary ischemia commonly radiates to the arm or neck.

[8] If blood flow through the coronary arteries is stopped completely, cardiac muscle cells may die, known as a myocardial infarction, or heart attack.

[12] Beneficial lifestyle modifications include smoking cessation, a heart healthy diet, and regular exercise.

Risk factors include female sex, advanced age, smoking, hyperlipidemia, inflammatory disease, diabetes and glucose intolerance.

Vaccination (with 2 doses) has been shown to decrease the risk of Long COVID in recent studies.

[15] A key symptom of coronary ischemia is chest pain or pressure, known as angina pectoris.

[4] Typical angina is aggravated by physical activity or emotional stress and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.

[19] Heart disease in women goes undetected prior to a major cardiac event in up to 60% of cases.

[19] Due to alterations in sensory pathways, diabetic and elderly individuals also may present without any chest pain and may have atypical symptoms similar to those seen in women.

[10] A myocardial infarction carries a greater than five-fold increase in relative risk for developing heart failure.

[20] A medical history will be taken, including queries about past incidence of chest pain or shortness of breath.

[30] This test can also detect any thickening in the walls of the left ventricles as well as any defects in the electrical impulses of the heart.

The incline or resistance of the bike are steadily increased until the target heart rate for the person's age and weight is reached.

[11] Women and those who are young may show abnormalities on their test even though no signs of coronary ischemia or CAD are present.

[11] Diagnosis of coronary artery disease is missed in 37% of men and 18% of women with a negative test.

[11] Stress echocardiography is very commonly used in assessing for ischemia resulting from coronary artery disease.

[11] If dobutamine is insufficient for this purpose, atropine be added to reach goal heart rate.

[11] If stress echocardiography is normal, risk of future adverse cardiac events is low enough that invasive coronary angiography is not needed.

[34] A coronary angiography is performed after a stress test or EKG shows abnormal results.

[37] During this test the doctor makes a small incision in the patient's groin or arm and inserts a catheter.

[14] Tobacco smoking is a clear risk factor for development of coronary artery disease.

[13] Tobacco smokers have higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides which are risk factors for development of coronary artery disease.

[38] A heart-healthy diet is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

[39] Recent studies have shown that there is an inverse correlation between increased fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of CAD.

[39] By increasing physical activity, it is possible to manage body weight, reduce blood pressure, and relieve stress.

[43] Per the Center for Disease Control, an estimate of maximum heart rate for an individual can be calculated by subtracting age from 220.

[45] These medications help to prevent clots in the coronary artery and the occlusion which can lead to a heart attack.

[37] There is not sufficient evidence to suggest that PCI or CABG provides a mortality benefit in individuals with stable coronary ischemia.

[14] More recently, research has been investigating the short- and long-term efficacy of Hybrid Coronary Revascularization (HCR), a combination of both PCI and CABG.