Carl Grünberg

Born in Focșani, Romania, into a Jewish-Bessarabia German family, Grünberg attended Gymnasium (grammar school) in Czernowitz, the main town of Bukovina, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Then he went to Strasbourg (Alsace was then part of the German Empire), where he studied economics with Georg Friedrich Knapp and Gustav Schmoller.

In 1909 he obtained a full professorship and in 1912 he was, against strong opposition, appointed to the chair of modern economic history.

After Austria was proclaimed a republic and the Social Democrats entered the government, Grünberg was appointed to the chair of political economy and national economic policy in 1919.

[2] He established and edited a journal of labour and socialist history, the Zeitschrift für Social- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1893) and the Archiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der sozialen Bewegung (1911), a journal that is known today as the Grünberg-Archiv (Archive for the History of Socialism and the Workers' Movement).