Carnival of Santiago de Cuba

While some may emphasize its continuous historical connection with Africa, a deeper examination reveals that the carnival culture in Cuba has evolved over time, drawing from multicultural Cuban history.

It is essential to recognize that carnival in Cuba is not solely rooted in African traditions but is a multifaceted cultural amalgamation that reflects the country's diverse heritage.

However, the Carnaval of Santiago de Cuba, which evolved from the former summer festivals known as the "mamarrachos",[4][note 1] is distinct from the pre-Lenten carnival celebrated in February or March.

One suggests that they gradually extended from more traditional European festivals, including carnaval,[note 2] while the other links the mamarrachos to the procession of St. James the Apostle, the patron saint of Santiago de Cuba.

These included animal-drawn carriages, bonfire building, pilgrimages to sanctuaries with torches, and the consumption of beverages like aguardiente, "Yara" rum, fruit juices, chocolate, soup, beer, and coffee.

[note 6] On the other hand, congas were large gatherings of dancers who followed a selected theme, dancing rhythmically to mainly percussion instruments like drums and metal pans.

The congas were known for their inventiveness[note 7] and played a pivotal role in shaping the unique music and dance styles that define the Carnaval of Santiago de Cuba.

In 1841, a proclamation by the Spanish Governor prohibited certain actions during the paseo, including riding horses or vehicles too fast, ridiculing others through speech, song, or verse, and wearing offensive costumes.

Comparsa directors were required to seek permission before entering private properties,[note 9] and law officers were instructed to arrest violators, regardless of their status, and anyone carrying offensive arms under their costumes.

An editorial from La Independencia in 1908 expressed admiration for European traditions and suggested the need for purification of the mamarrachos by removing African and Afro-Cuban influences.

Mamarrachos, a traditional celebration in Santiago de Cuba, took place well after the sugar cane harvest, allowing unemployed workers, mainly African and mulatto slaves and freedmen, to participate in the festivities.

[note 11] Originally intended as a period of rest and diversion for the lower classes, mamarrachos were permitted by Spanish colonial authorities, who believed it would distract the slaves from more subversive activities.

The Winter Carnival, held in February or March and supported by exclusive organizations, catered to the well-to-do minority of the population with European-style masquerade balls.