Castelândia is located in the southwest of the state, west of the Rio dos Bois, a major tributary of the Paranaíba.

Highway connections are made by GO-040 / Aragoiânia / Cromínia / Pontalina / Bom Jesus de Goiás / BR-452 / GO-319 / Aloândia.

Neighboring municipalities are Rio Verde, Maurilândia, and Bom Jesus de Goiás.

The economy is based on cattle raising (22,000 head in 2006), poultry production, and growing of sugar cane, corn, and soybeans.

There was 01 financial institution in 2007—BRADESCO S.A Motor vehicles Main agricultural products in ha.