The discoveries were made in or from a brown clay layer from the Wessex Formation of the Wealden Group, stemming from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian age, about 125 million years ago).

The genus name is a translation of "Caulkhead", a traditional nickname for Isle of Wight residents, partially derived from Greek kephale, "head".

[1] The posterior skull fragment, a braincase which is rather damaged, shows on its top the base of a parietal crest, probably pointing towards the back.

Unique characters of the species itself, its autapomorphies, are the details of its dentition, the downward and backward running suture between the premaxilla and maxilla, and the fact the median ridge of the palate begins (or ends) at the ninth tooth pair.

[1] In 2019 however, several studies have reassigned Caulkicephalus to the family Anhangueridae, specifically to the subfamily Anhanguerinae, sister taxon to both Guidraco and Ludodactylus.

[5] Hamipterus Iberodactylus Tropeognathus Coloborhynchus Siroccopteryx Uktenadactylus Caulkicephalus Guidraco Ludodactylus Anhanguera Liaoningopterus Cearadactylus Maaradactylus