Cetiya

[1] According to Damrong Rajanubhab, four kinds are distinguished in the Pāli Canon: "Relic [Dhatu], Memorial [Paribhoga], Teaching [Dhamma], and votive [Udesaka].

In pre-Buddhist India caitya was a term for a shrine or holy place in the landscape, generally outdoors, inhabited by, or sacred to, a particular deity.

In the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, near the end of his life the Buddha remarks to Ananda how beautiful are the various caitya round Vaishali.

The final category, udesaka or uddesika cetiya, literally translates as "indicative reminders" or "votive objects", for example images of the Buddha.

Originally udesaka were secondary to paribhogaka and sārīraka, but with the influence of Greco-Buddhism, statues of the Buddha were produced in great numbers, followed later by paintings and other images.

Shwedagon Pagoda , the oldest Pagoda in Myanmar, is an example of a Cetiya (စေတီ)
Phra Pathom Chedi , one of the biggest Chedis in Thailand; in Thai, the term Chedi (cetiya) is used interchangeably with the term Stupa
A Buddha footprint , showing the Buddhist wheel and a larger-than-life foot
Buddha's departure from the lay life as depicted at Gandhara in the early second century CE