According to the Ming Shilu, the Dai Viet launched a preliminary incursion into Champa in 1461, which forced the king's younger brother Mo-he-pan-luo-yue (摩訶槃羅悅) to flee to the mountains.

The ruling king was Pan-luo-cha-quan (槃羅茶全), Panlotchatsuen (in Jesuit Notice Historique Sur la Cochinchine) or Trà Toàn, who allegedly reigned from 1460 to 1471 until he was captured by the Dai Viet.

[8] The Cham also requested that Ming China intervene and help bring the Vietnamese back in line by force and demarcate the border between Champa and Vietnam.

China, however, only verbally rebuked the Vietnamese for their incursion, as the Ming Chinese sought to preserve trade and border security rather than continue expansion.

[11][10][12] To achieve his plan of overthrowing Champa, Thánh Tông spent years preparing the military, stockpiling provisions, and escalating incidents and animosity toward the Cham.

Three months later, during the winter season, Thánh Tông published the detailed campaign orders to his generals and proclaiming in a long edict the reasons for the expedition.

In short, Thánh Tông's edict is considerably important to historians, because might be regarded as a "classic, and literal, example of the dehumanising process necessary for and often a prelude to acts of genocide.

"[2] On November 28, 1470, a 100,000-strong Vietnamese naval expedition led by Thánh Tông himself set out from Hóa Châu to attack Champa, followed by another 150,000 civilian support personnel on December 8.

The Phủ biên tạp lục states that the king reached Thuận Hóa citadel in early 1471, while the Toàn thư says he sailed straight to Champa.

After bitter fighting, the Cham withdrew their lines from the coast to inland, where they realized that they had been surrounded by invaders from three sides: from the north, from the western mountains, and from the sea.

The Vietnamese continued to advance, using gunpowder superiority to curb war elephants, pushing the Cham army toward the capital of Vijaya (Cha Ban).

[16] Thánh Tông then converged his armies to surround the city of Vijaya (12 miles west of Thị Nại) on March 19, where the Champa king was seeking refugee inside.

[16] According to Vietnamese sources, the Cham king Trà Toàn apparently tried to compromise and make an agreement for his kingdom's surrender, but Thánh Tông ignored and pressed on the siege.

At dawn the men of Đại Việt entered the city and vanquished the Cham defenders with ease, Vak (Vijaya) fell and the king of Champa was slain.

[5] In 1509, Thánh Tông's grandson, Lê Uy Mục, carried out a massacre against remaining Cham royal members and slaves in the neighborhood of capital Hanoi.

Thánh Tông sent Lê Niệm and 30,000 soldiers to Panduranga, where they put down the Cham revolt, captured Trà Toại and imprisoned him in dungeon at Hanoi.

The Sejarah Melayu also mentions Cham presence in Pahang and Kelantan, where the Kampung Laut Mosque is said to have been built by Champa sailors on their way to Java.

[30][31] However, as Đại Việt's power declined during the sixteenth century, the rise of the Burmese Empire under Tabinshweti and Bayinnaung to become the major force in mainland Southeast Asia had put an end to Vietnamese expansion.

Having suffered a large number of population loss in a short period of time–though accurate figure might have represented is impossible to determine for lack of any remotely usable statistics–the Cham would never regain a significant power position until being fully annexed in the 19th century.