It is located in downtown Dayton, in the U.S. state of Ohio, and is owned and operated by the Society of Mary and the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur.

In 1927, the Sisters were forced to move to a larger facility, and Julienne High School was formed in honor of the founder of the sisterhood, St. Julie Billiart.

Chaminade Julienne's athletic program has been very competitive in city, regional, and state contests since the school's founding.

In 1966 and 1970, the basketball team, led by coach Jim Turvene, won the large school Division State Championships.

Forward Dan Gerhard, 1970 team member, earned Ohio Player of the Year honors.

The 1970 the baseball team, led by coach Rick Wessels, won the large school Division State Championship.

In 2009, the boys' volleyball team, led by coach Megan Marrinan, went to the Division II state tournament for the first time in the school's history.

In the spring of 2011, senior track athlete Bryan Cain won an individual Division II state championship in the 300-meter hurdles event.

In spring of 2012, senior track athlete Cierra Brown won two individual Division II state titles in the 100-meter and 300-meter hurdle events.

In June 2018, the Chaminade Julienne Eagles baseball team won the OHSAA Division II state tournament.