His parents were Duke John of Münsterberg-Oels and his first wife Christina Catherine of Schidlowitz (Czech: Kristyna Katarzyna Szydłowiecka; 1519–1556).
In 1558 Charles Christopher undertook a Grand Tour through Europe and then stayed at the court of Emperor Ferdinand I.
After the death of his father, who had married his second wife Margaret (d. 1580), a daughter of Duke Henry II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel since 1561, Charles Christopher inherited in February 1565 the duchy of Münsterberg.
Ten years after Charles Christopher's death his cousin Barbara of Bieberstein donated a marble epitaph to the Castle Church at Oels.
It was probably created by Hans Fleiser (also called Gruyter) and shows Duke Charles Christopher clad in armour.