[3] In 1811 he broke his parole, an act which greatly offended British public opinion, and escaped; in the invasion of Russia in 1812, he led the Guard Chasseurs à cheval cavalry.

[5] For his part in the Hundred Days he was condemned to death by the royalists, but he escaped to the United States and spent the next few years farming in the Vine and Olive Colony, beginning in 1817.

[2] Mr Everart, the only surviving passenger, reported that the general had been injured in the wreck and presumed drowned; the bodies washing up over a number of weeks were not identifiable.

[10] His widow had an obelisk, known as the "Pain de Sucre" (Sugarloaf) due to its shape and frequent re-painting in white, erected to his memory and that of the sailors who perished with him.

It stands above the sea on the crest of a low hill in Sainte-Adresse, now a suburb of Le Havre, and doubled as a navigation mark helping other sailors avoid the hazards in the approach to the port.