He had a significant influence on the form and spirit of state education in colonial Queensland which lasted well into the 20th century.

Intending to study law, Lilley became articled to Newcastle solicitor, William Lockey Harle.

After Queensland separated, Lilley was elected by a majority of only three votes as the Member for Hamlet of Fortitude Valley to that state's first Legislative Assembly.

At the time, Lilley had formed the Queensland Liberal Association in an attempt to introduce political parties to the Legislative Assembly.

On 25 November 1868 Lilley became Premier of Queensland and served concurrently as Attorney-General, and then Colonial Secretary, for part of his premiership.

In January 1874, Macalister carried a vote of no confidence in the Government, and offered to stand aside so that Lilley could become Premier.

He declined office of any kind, but shortly afterwards accepted the position of acting judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland.

He became a puisne judge on 4 July 1874; on 24 June 1879, he succeeded Sir James Cockle as Chief Justice, a position he held until 13 March 1893.

There is a statue of Sir Charles Lilley at the Speakers' Corner in King George Square in Brisbane.