The roof of the courthouse was found 13 miles (21 km) away, and most of the county's early records were permanently lost.

[7] While Charlotte thrived as a stage coach hub for much of the 19th-century, the arrival of the railroad in the latter half of the century shifted the area's industrial focus to Dickson, several miles to the southwest.

[8] The town is situated amidst the hills that comprise part of the western section of the Highland Rim, nearly halfway between Dickson and Ashland City.

A small stream known as Town Branch, which is part of the Cumberland River watershed, flows through Charlotte from west to east.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.4 km2), all land.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.

[9] As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,656 people, 537 households, and 329 families residing in the town.