[3] About 1+3⁄4 miles (2.8 km) west of the village, by the crossroads of Akeman Street and the former Oxford – Brackley main road (now the B430) is a prehistoric tumulus.

[4] The Roman layers of the road were exposed about 2.6 feet (0.8 m) below Akeman Street's modern surface.

Just before the Norman conquest the manor of Chesterton was held by Wigod, a Saxon thegn who was a kinsman of King Edward the Confessor.

The Domesday Book records that by 1086 it was held by Miles Crispin, the son-in-law of Robert D'Oyly.

[2] Ashridge Priory was suppressed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries and in 1540 Sir Thomas Pope bought the manor of Chesterton.

She left it to her daughter Bridget Wray, through whose marriage in about 1653 Chesterton passed to Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey.

[6] Some remains of the upper storey survived but were demolished when a music room was built, as the significance of the building was not then recognised.

[1] The chancel arch and arcade of the south aisle, both of which are Early English Gothic, date from this period.

In the 15th century a clerestory was added to the nave and a five-light east window was inserted in the chancel.

[11] Henry Farmer of Evesham[10] in Worcestershire and James Keene of Woodstock[10] jointly cast the present treble and second bells in 1623.

[11] Richard III Chandler of Drayton Parslow[10] in Buckinghamshire cast the present Sanctus bell in 1715.

Chesterton's vicar of that time complained that despite the Duke of Marlborough having spent much money trying to improve the mill it was not working well.

An open field system prevailed in the parish until 1768, when an Act of Parliament enabled the enclosure of its common lands.

It was improved in the middle of the 18th century, and its grounds were extended for George Clarke, Sheriff of Oxfordshire by diverting part of Akeman Street.

[17][18] Lieutenant-General Sir Edwin Alderson (1859–1927), son-in-law of a former Vicar of St Mary's, is buried in the churchyard.

[19] General Sir Kenneth Darling (1909–98) lived at Vicarage Farmhouse in Alchester Road from 1958 until his death.