Construction of the synagogue was completed in 1913 with funds from the local Jewish community[2] to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.

[1] Under the leadership of Rabbi Yehuda Leib Tsirelson, the synagogue and its yeshiva was one of the most well-known in Chișinău and earned renowned for its cantors.

After World War II, the building was rebuilt and repurposed into a theater named after Russian playwright Anton Chekhov.

[4] According to Yosef Schatz, the theater's director in 2023, it was common for the Soviet Union to repurpose religious institutions like the synagogue.

[2][4] In 2023, the city of Chișinău placed a plaque at the theater, commemorating its former status as a synagogue, in remembrance of the 120th anniversary of the Kishinev pogrom.