That Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad appears to be the mainstream view among Twelver Shia Muslims.
[5] They also cite the absence of historical evidence for a close relationship between Muhammad and Ruqayya, Zainab, or Umm Kulthum, unlike Fatima.
[9][8] Some have suggested that the early deaths of his sons were detrimental to a hereditary-based system of succession to Muhammad.
Umm Kulthum remained childless whereas Ruqayya gave birth to a boy Abd Allah, who died in childhood.
[15] Muhammad's attitude and treatment towards his children, enshrined in the hadith literature, is viewed by Muslims as an exemplar to be imitated.