He received a musical education and started to compose at the age of 12.
He studied law at Leipzig University, but subsequently returned to music to become a pupil of the composer Johann Adam Hiller under whose guidance he wrote his first comic operas.
He later became court organist in Bonn and was the principal piano teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven.
His best known work was a Singspiel called Adelheit von Veltheim (1780).
In Bonn, Neefe became prefect of the local chapter of the Illuminati, the Minervalkirche Stagira [de].