The 628,171 hectares (2,425.38 sq mi) reserve encompasses the Zapata Swamp and is one of the largest and most important wetlands in the Caribbean region with a marine southern borderline.

As of 2001[update], some 9,000 people, mostly of Spanish origin, live permanently in one of the largest biosphere reserves in Cuba.

Economic activities are mainly silviculture, fisheries, community agriculture, tourism, handicraft and apiculture.

They are actively involved in decision-making processes through public hearings and peoples councils organized by the administration of the local government.

As this biosphere reserve covers a whole watershed and entire protected areas, all long-term objectives for conservation, development of sustainable land-use practices is met.