In that case, the upper layers of the ETSI NFV MANO architecture (i.e. the NFVO and VNFM) cooperate with a container infrastructure service management (CISM) function[5] that is typically implemented using cloud-native orchestration solutions (e.g. Kubernetes).
These include auto-scaling,[2] supporting a continuous delivery/DevOps deployment model, and efficiency gains by sharing common services across platforms.
[2][6] A specification of criteria to classify and characterize cloud-native VNF implementations can be found in ETSI GS NFV-EVE 011.
[8] The Linux Foundation backed Cloud Native Computing Foundation project is actively supporting companies in contributing to open-source projects like Kubernetes or Prometheus, upon which Cloud Native Network Functions can be based on.
[9] The CNCF project also created a CNF Testbed, in order to facilitate a common test-ground for various cloud-native network functions.