Coffee in world cultures

[1] Much of the popularization of coffee is due to its cultivation in the Arab world, beginning in what is now Yemen, by Sufi monks in the 15th century.

[2] Through thousands of Muslims pilgrimaging to Mecca, the enjoyment and harvesting of coffee, or the "wine of Araby" spread to other countries (e.g. Turkey, Egypt, Syria) and eventually to a majority of the world through the 16th century.

[3] Coffeehouses, qahwa قَهوة‎ in Modern Standard Arabic, became "schools of the wise" as they developed into places of intellectual discussion, in addition to centers of relaxation and comradery.

[1] By the 17th century, European travelers had brought coffee to the continent, where large amounts of controversy surrounded it as its popularity grew.

The "schools of the wise" of the Arab world began spreading across the continent, becoming known as "penny universities" in England, and developed to satisfy the needs of various social classes.

In addition, coffee replaced beer and wine as the breakfast drink, improving the quality produced by the working classes.

The parent seed of the Arabica coffee found mainly in the Caribbean, but also in other countries in South and Central America, was brought over in 1723.

After the Mayor of Amsterdam gifted King Louis XIV a coffee plant in 1714, naval officer Gabriel de Clieu stole a seed and brought it to the island of Martinique.

Traditional Arab coffeehouses are places where mostly men meet to socialize over games, coffee, and water pipes (shiisha or agriile).

[5] Other variations have been created as the world has modernized: coffeeshops in North America and the Philippines, kopi tiam in Malaysia and Singapore, and cafes in various other countries.

[8] Composer Johann Sebastian Bach, who was cantor of St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, in 1723–1750, conducted a musical ensemble at the local Café Zimmermann.

The kafeteria, which changes from cafe to bar at night, is mainly for young people under 35 years old to meet and hang out.

[9] The Greek frappé is a mix of Nescafé instant coffee, milk, and sugar frothed up and poured over ice.

[6][7] The most popular coffee-based beverages are: The well-known coffee break was created in the Nordic region, particularly Sweden and Finland.

[12] A social event, fika is usually a coming-together of loved ones, friends, and colleagues over strong coffee and a shared sweet.

[16] This practice became so common, and potentially subversive, that Charles II made an attempt to crush coffee houses in 1670s.

Renowned and eminent physicians often recommended coffee for medicinal purposes and some prescribed it as a cure for nervous disorders.

Traditionally, piloncillo (unrefined brown sugar) and a cinnamon stick is served with the dark roast coffee made in the pot.

One of the most popular drinks of the country is café com leite, which is strong coffee blended with a large amount of milk.

Another popular Brazilian drink is the cafezinho, made with a strong coffee blend similar to that used in café com leite and a large portion of sugar.

When one orders a café con leche, they receive a large glass of steamed milk with a small pile of instant coffee.

All generations hang out at kopitiams, while drinking strong green tea and coffee with milk in their traditional forms.

The Philippines is one of the few countries that produces the four varieties of commercially viable coffee: Arabica, Liberica (Barako), Excelsa and Robusta.

[46] Regardless, by the early 19th century, coffee was being cultivated throughout the Philippines and subsequently exported to America and Australia, followed by Europe with the opening of the Suez Canal.

[45] Lipa is commonly attributed as being the center of this cultivation, until roughly 1889, when its industry abruptly failed, likely due to pests, coffee rust (which the Philippines had managed to avoid for longer than the rest of the world), and political factors.

The morning ritual of South Indian filter coffee brewing flourishes in these states, with families procuring small lots of plantation coffee beans ground from neighborhood stores and preparing strong concoctions by pouring hot water over powder lined in a filter.

This is mixed with sweetened milk and served in a steel tumbler and dabarah saucer, a set of containers used to cool the beverage.

The addition of chicory, a practice encouraged by the Coffee Board during World War II as a means of rationing supply, has now become tradition.

Since then, international chains like Starbucks, along with a slew of artisanal coffee roasters, have further driven consumption in urban India.

The flat white, a shot of espresso with a larger ratio of froth and steamed milk,[52] first became popular in Australia in the 1990s[53] the invention of the average is claimed by a Sydneysider.