Collision avoidance in transportation

Collision avoidance is used in autonomous vehicles, aviation, trains and water transport.

Depending on the time it took for the signal to bounce back, the distance between the object and the radar is calculated.

In a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor, one part emits laser pulses onto the surface and the other reads the reflection to measure the time it took for each pulse to bounce back in order to calculate the distance.

The relevant side-view mirror will display an illuminated symbol when a vehicle of that type is recognized.

Cross-traffic warning notifies the driver when traffic approaches from the sides when one reverses.

The alert generally consists of a sound (like an auditory chirp) and a visual signal in either the outside mirror or the dash display for the back camera.

Adaptive headlights will revolve when the driver spins the steering wheel illuminating the road around bends.

In advanced versions, it may also apply brakes or turn the steering wheel to keep the vehicle within the lane.

Optimisation based methods calculate an trajectory that avoids collisions using geographical information.

[5] Methods of collision avoidance like seatbelts and airbags are primarily designed to reduce injury to the driver.

[5] With the addition of camera and radar sensing technologies, active types of collision avoidance can assist or warn the driver, or take control in dangerous situations.

[5] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles use collision avoidance systems to operate safely.

[12] Collision avoidance has been routinely used in spacecraft or space stations (when possible) to ensure their safety.

The International Space Station (ISS) has performed 14 maneuvers between 2008 and 2014 due to the threat of a collision.