Community-based conservation

These contentions were a reaction against 'top down' conservation practices, imposed by governments or large organisations and perceived as disregarding the interests of local inhabitants,[1] often based upon the Western idea of nature being separate from culture.

In particular, State governments, international agencies and the private sector need to allow and support communities, rather than impeding them in their custodian role.

The clearest example is offered by the hundreds of community members killed, and the thousands maimed and oppressed, every year, as they try to defend ther environments from extractive and destructive imposed developments.

Finally, the World Parks Congress in Durban (2003) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Kuala Lumpur (2004) openly recognized that communties had crucial capacities and roles to play in governing protected areas.

Building collaborations that promote diversity, inclusivity, and cultural sensitivity enhance institutional and social dynamics.

[12] These stakeholders include a combination of local and national NGOs, government entities at different levels, international agencies, and academic institutions.

The emphasis on the role of government incentives in motivating public participation in conservation efforts was a community concern in all regions.

[15] It provides valuable insights into the importance of protecting peatlands and engaging local communities in conservation initiatives.

[16] Horizon scanning efforts encountered difficulties in balancing novelty with plausibility, impact, and pervasiveness, particularly concerning topics less familiar to collaborators.