Dot crawl is a defect that results from crosstalk due to the intermodulation of the chrominance and luminance components of the signal.

Most home analog video equipment record a signal in (roughly) composite format: LaserDiscs and type C videotape for example store a true composite signal modulated, while consumer videotape formats (including VHS and Betamax) and commercial and industrial tape formats (including U-matic) use modified composite signals FM encoded (generally known as color-under).

Examples of extensions include teletext, closed captioning, information regarding the show title, a set of reference colors that allows TV sets to automatically correct NTSC hue maladjustments, widescreen signaling (WSS) for switching between 4:3 and 16:9 display formats, etc.

In home applications, the composite video signal is typically connected using an RCA connector, normally yellow.

BNC connectors and higher quality coaxial cable are often used in professional television studios and post-production applications.

[11] The active image area of composite and s-video signals are digitally stored at 720x576i25 PAL and 720x480i29.7 (or 720x488) pixels.

Hardware typically samples at four times the color subcarrier frequency (4fsc) that includes the vertical blanking interval (VBI).

Only commercial video capture devices used in broadcast output images with the extra VBI space.

This can then be comb-filtered or chroma-decoded to a color image on a standard computer or via DAC played back to a TV.

Modified versions of composite such as 960H (960x576) are still in wide use for CCTV systems today in consumer use alongside fpv drones.