1866, as amended, otherwise known as the "Codifying the Laws on Illegal/Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing In, Acquisition or Disposition, of Firearms, Ammunition or Explosives or Instruments Used in the Manufacture of Firearms, Ammunition or Explosives, and Imposing Stiffer Penalties for Certain Violations Thereof and for Relevant Purposes", dated June 29, 1983.

10591 was to efficiently improve and provide stiffer penalties on illegal firearm acquisition and possession.

The final version was received by President Benigno Aquino III on April 30, 2013 and signed into law on May 29, 2013.

On March 4, 2024, the Philippine National Police amended the Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. 10591, allowing civilians to own a semi-automatic rifle not more than 7.62 mm caliber.

The primary implementing agency is the Firearms and Explosives Office of the Philippine National Police.