In such situations the lawyer has the discretion, but not the obligation, to disclose information designed to prevent the planned action.
In some jurisdictions, the lawyer must try to convince the client to conform his or her conduct to the boundaries of the law before disclosing any otherwise confidential information.
Recent legislation in the UK curtails the confidentiality professionals like lawyers and accountants can maintain at the expense of the state.
Thirdly, there must be an unauthorised use of that information to the detriment of the party communicating it.The 1896 case featuring the royal accoucheur Dr William Smoult Playfair showed the difference between lay and medical views.
Kitson sued, and the case gained public notoriety, with huge damages awarded against the doctor.
[6] This physician-patient privilege only applies to secrets shared between physician and patient during the course of providing medical care.
For example, many American states require physicians to report gunshot wounds to the police and impaired drivers to the Department of Motor Vehicles.
My identity will not be disclosed to any person, except for the purposes described above and in the event of a medical emergency or if required by the law.
It is also outlined in every NHS employee's contract of employment and in professional standards set by regulatory bodies.
All registered healthcare professionals must abide by these standards and if they are found to have breached confidentiality, they can face disciplinary action.
Explicit consent is when a patient clearly communicates to a healthcare worker, verbally or in writing or in some other way, that relevant confidential information can be shared.
However, in a few limited instances, a healthcare worker can share personal information without consent if it is in the public interest.
The National AIDS Trust has written a guide for people living with HIV to confidentiality in the NHS.
The ethical principle of confidentiality requires that information shared by a client with a therapist isn't shared without consent, and that the sharing of information would be guided by ETHIC Model: Examining professional values, after thinking about ethical standards of the certifying association, hypothesize about different courses of action and possible consequences, identifying how it and to whom will it be beneficial per professional standards, and after consulting with supervisor and colleagues.
Confidentiality agreements that "seal" litigation settlements are not uncommon, but this can leave regulators and society ignorant of public hazards.
[18] In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Catholic sexual abuse scandal involved a number of confidentiality agreements with victims.