Constitution of Tunisia
The Constitution of Tunisia (Arabic: دستور الجمهورية التونسية Dostūr ej-Jumhūrīye et-Tūnsīye) is the supreme law of the Tunisian Republic.
[4] The opposition called for a boycott, and after the referendum results indicated that 90% of small 30% turnout supported Saied, he promised that Tunisia will enter the new phase after he got the unlimited power.
[5] The territory of modern-day Tunisia knew its first form of political organization with the constitution [fr] of ancient Carthage.
Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman Empire introduced a number of reforms in government starting with the Hatt-ı Şerif of the Gülhane, but these were not applied in Tunisia due to the independence of the Husainid Dynasty and the conservatism of the ruling Bey, Ahmad I ibn Mustafa.
As a result, Muhammad II issued the execution order the same day that the court came down with its decision of guilty, and Sfez was summarily beheaded.
[8][9] This upset not only the local Jewish community but also the local European businessmen and hence the legates from France, Leon Roches, and Britain, Richard Wood, who had already been pressuring the Bey for greater religious tolerance and equal treatment before the law, primarily in support of European commercial interests.
[8][10] European warships steamed into Tunisian harbors including an entire French squadron into the port of Tunis (Halq al-Wadi).
[11] Under this pressure and given the support of the liberal former general and Marine Minister Hayreddin Pasha,[12] Muhammad II agreed to what became known as the Fundamental Pact of 1857.
[13][14] Although adopted under foreign pressure, to open the country to international trade, these ideas of equality from the Age of Enlightenment found fertile ground in the Tunisian reform movement, contributed to the ideas advocated by Mahmud Qabadu and Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf and gained the support of Hayreddin Pasha and his followers, especially generals Rustum and Hussein, despite concerns about the broadening wedge of European commerce.
[17] The text of 114 articles established a constitutional monarchy with a sharing of power between an executive branch consisting of the Bey and a prime minister, with important legislative prerogatives to a Grand Council, creating a type of oligarchy.
It established an independent judiciary; however, the guardian of the constitution was the legislature which had sovereign authority to review unconstitutional acts by the executive.
In addition, the sovereign was not free to dispose of the resources of the state and must maintain a budget, while he and the princes of his family were to receive stipends.
In fact, in actual practice the members of the Grand Council were appointed more through cronyism and favor swapping than national interest.
Universal application of the mejba (head tax), under the equal taxation clause, incurred the wrath of those who had formerly been exempt: the military, scholars/teachers and government officials.
[30] This law provided for three branches of government and guaranteed human rights during the time it takes for the new constitution to be written and ratified.
[31] President Marzouki remarked: "With the birth of this text, we confirm our victory over dictatorship", and signed it into law the following day.
[32] During the drafting process, the main points of contention were the role of religion in the government, the requirements to run for president, and the details of how the transition period after the document was passed would be handled.
[32] The constitution provides for gender equality in rights and responsibilities,[34] protects the nation's natural resources and demands the government take steps to fight corruption.
[4] After the referendum results indicated that 90% of voters supported Saied, he emerged as victorious and promised that Tunisia will enter the new phase after he got the unlimited power.
