However, the European states viewed the ahdname as formal and official and therefore had difficulty enforcing the privileges to their satisfaction on many occasions.
[1] A few examples: In other cases a part of a weaker state is completely handed over (without the formal surrender of "naked" sovereignty) to be administered as a concession, including the indigenous local population: In the small Italian concession in Tientsin (a treaty port, now Tianjin), the Consul was in charge of the entire local administration.
This arrangement lasted from January 1848 until 15 May 1946 (shortly after the 28 February formal restoration of power from France to China).
In places where consuls had extraterritorial powers consular courts would also be established to handle civil and criminal cases against citizens and subjects of that country.
British consular courts could be found in Africa, the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, China, Japan and Siam.