Corrections

Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the other side of the fence — the unwilling subjects of the correctional process.

"[5] The idea of "corrective labor" (Russian: исправительные работы) in Soviet Russia dates back as far as December 1917.

[8] Although the corrections-related terminology continued thereafter in US correctional practice, the philosophical view on offenders' treatment took an opposite turn in the 1980s, when academics labeled the "get tough" program[which?]

[11] In Canada, until 1972, the Criminal Code legislated that courts could impose a form of whipping on male offenders, to be administered on up to three occasions, but did not limit the number of strokes.

Intermediate sanctions may include sentences to a halfway house or community service program, home confinement, and electronic monitoring.

[13] The use of sanctions, which can be either positive (rewarding) or negative (punishment) is the basis of all criminal theory, along with the main goals of social control, and deterrence of deviant behavior.