Corruption in Madagascar

[4] Smuggling is also a significant source of public malfeasance in Madagascar, exploiting the country's weak rule of law.

These illicit activities are deeply intertwined with patronage networks that reach into the highest levels of political power.

[3] The substantial profits generated by these criminal enterprises are subsequently laundered through both Madagascar's formal financial system and informal channels.

This created political instability that continues to hamper the subsequent attempts to reduce corruption in the public sector.

Protracted conflicts and political crises have weakened state institutions, crippling the enforcement of anti-corruption measures.