Duke of Normandy

[3] The title Count of Rouen (comes Rotomagensis) was never used in any official document, but it was used of William I and his son by the anonymous author of a lament (planctus) on his death.

In the 12th century, the Icelandic historian Ari Thorgilsson in his Landnámabók referred to Rollo as Ruðu jarl (earl of Rouen), the only attested form in Old Norse, although too late to be evidence for 10th-century practice.

Earlier, the writer Richer of Reims had called Richard I a dux pyratorum, but which only means "leader of pirates" and was not a title.

In the twelfth century, the Abbey of Fécamp spread the legend that it had been granted to Richard II by Pope Benedict VIII (ruled 1012–24).

The French chancery did not regularly employ it until after 1204, when the duchy had been seized by the crown and Normandy lost its autonomy and its native rulers.

It remained with the King of England down to 1144, when, during the civil war known as the Anarchy, it was conquered by Geoffrey Plantagenet, the Count of Anjou.

In 1202, King Philip II of France, as feudal suzerain, declared Normandy forfeit and by 1204 his armies had conquered it.

The French Revolution brought an end to the Duchy of Normandy as a political entity, by then a province of France, and it was replaced by several départements.

Lifespan (Rollon) c. 835/870 – 928/933 more danico one son and one daughter (2) Gisela of France existence uncertain Longsword (Gllâome I) 893 – 17 December 942 more danico one son (2) Luitgarde of Vermandois no issue (m. before 940) the Fearless (R'chard Sans-Peur) 28 August 932 – 20 November 996 no issue (m.960; died 968) (2) Gunnor seven children (m. c. 989) the Good (R'chard le Bouon) 978 – 28 August 1026 six children (m.1000; died 1017) (2) Popia of Envermeu two children (m.1017) (R'chard III) 997/1001 – 6 August 1027 the Magnificent (Robèrt le Magnifique) 22 June 1000 – 1–3 July 1035 Had extramarital relationship to Herleva one son and one daughter the Conqueror (Gllâome le Contchérant) 3 July 1035 – 9 September 1087 ten children (m.1051/2; died 1083) Curthose (Robèrt Courtheuse) c. 1051 – 3 February 1134 one son (m.1100; died 18 March 1103) Beauclerc (Henri I Beauclerc) c. 1068 – 1 December 1135 one son and one daughter (m.1100; died 1118) (2) Adeliza of Louvain no issue (m. 1121) Son of William II Clito (Gllâome Cliton) 25 October 1102 – 28 July 1128 (Claimant) no issue (m. 1123; annulled 1124) (2) Joanna of Montferrat no issue (m. 1127; died 1128) Lifespan (Étienne) 1092/1096 – 25 October 1154 (m. 1136; died 1152) Nephew of Henry I Lifespan 24 August 1113 – 7 September 1151 (m. 1128) 5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189 (m. 1152) First cousin, once removed of Stephen 8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199 (m. 1191) 24 December 1166 – 1204 no issue (m. 1189; annulled 1199) (2) Isabella, Countess of Angoulême five children (m. 1200) Son of Henry II In 1204, the King of France confiscated the Duchy of Normandy (with only the Channel Islands remaining under English control) and subsumed it into the crown lands of France.

In 1465, Louis XI, under constraint, gave the Duchy to his brother Charles de Valois, Duke of Berry.

In the Channel Islands, the British monarch is known informally as the "Duke of Normandy", irrespective of whether or not the holder is male (Queen Elizabeth II, for instance, was known by this title).

The British historian Ben Pimlott noted that while Queen Elizabeth II was on a visit to mainland Normandy in May 1967, French locals began to doff their hats and shout "Vive la Duchesse!