Counting house

[2] Originating in Italy, the counting house was a central feature of commerce in the high Middle Ages and afterward.

Calculations were typically quantified through the use of a counting board where the process could be spectated by interested persons.

[3] As technology developed and new practices emerged, particularly the adoption of Arabic numerals in financial record-keeping, use of the counting board became obsolete.

As the use of counting houses spread in the 19th century, so did their reputation as being often uncomfortable and dreary places to work.

[4] This was most famously exemplified in Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol, where the underpaid Bob Cratchit spends his days toiling in the employ of Ebenezer Scrooge.