[citation needed] The Tokugawa shogunate maintained execution grounds for Edo at Kozukappara, Suzugamori, and Itabashi.
[citation needed] Kozukappara, also known as Kotsukappara or Kozukahara, is currently located near the southwest exit of Tokyo's Minami-Senju Station.
[citation needed] Archaeological and morphological research was done by Tokyo University on the skulls found buried here which confirmed the execution methods.
[citation needed] The shogunate executed criminals in various ways: The death penalty often carried collateral punishments.
For crimes requiring moderate punishment, convicts could be sent to work at labor camps such as the one on Ishikawa-jima in Edo Bay.
[4] It was also common for female convicts to be sentenced to serve terms working as slaves and prostitutes in walled Red Light Districts, most notably Yoshiwara.
[citation needed] The 8th Shōgun of Edo, Tokugawa Yoshimune introduced judicial Flogging Penalty, or tataki, in 1720.
[5] In 757 A.D., the Chinese-influenced Yoro Ritsuryo (養老律令) legal system was enacted and introduced Five Judicial Penalties (五刑).